欢迎来到蓝队云技术小课堂，每天分享一个技术小知识。今天主要给大家分享关于MYSQL数据库优化的相关手段，包括从硬件、操作系统到数据库的优化。

一、MYSQL数据库优化之硬件优化

CPU：物理机上建议配置更高性能的CPU，不仅是核数越多越好，处理主频也是越高越好。生产环境建议配置不低于8 Cores的CPU；

MEM：建议配置更大的物理内存，生产环境建议配置不低于8 GB的物理内存；

DISK：建议使用更好的物理I/O设备，配置更高物理IOPS性能的设备，如SSD；

NET：如果是构建构建MGR集群，建议使用不低于千兆网络的条件。条件允许的话建议使用万兆网络。

二、MYSQL数据库优化之操作系统优化

1. 采用XFS文件系统，保证在高I/O负载情况下IOPS的性能及稳定性；

mkfs.xfs -f -L /mysql /dev/sdb

2.关闭SWAP交换分区，避免使用SWAP造成数据库性能急剧下降；

echo "vm.swappiness=0" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
sysctl -p
swapoff -a

3．关闭透明大页，避免内存碎片化严重时分配透明大页页面出现较高延迟，从而影响性能；

echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
echo never > /sys/kernle/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
cat /sys/kernle/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

4.调整数据库分区的I/O Scheduler为noop或deadline；

echo 'noop' > /sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler
cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler

5.确认CPU性能模式为高性能模式；

cpupower frequency-info --policy
# 预期输出是：The governor "performanace"，代表高性能模式

6.确认NUMA模式；

针对X86架构的CPU，建议关闭NUMA；针对ARM架构的CPU，如果单台服务器上运行多个实例，建议开启NUMA提升性能。

cat /etc/default/grub

7.优化系统内核参数、调整用户资源使用上限；

# 调整内核参数
echo "fs.file-max = 1000000" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "vm.overcommit_memory = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.core.somaxconn = 32768" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
sysctl -p

# 调整用户资源使用上线
mysql           soft    nofile         65535
mysql           hard    nofile         65535
mysql           soft    stack          32768
mysql           hard    stack          32768
mysql           soft    nproc          65535
mysql           hard    nproc          65535

8.安装常用系统辅助工具包。

yum -y install net-tools perf sysstat iotop tmux strace

三、MYSQL数据库优化之数据库优化

一般情况下，运行MYSQL数据库时可以参考如下my.cnf配置文件就能满足需求了。

cat /etc/my.cnf
# 32C 64G 服务器 mysql配置文件参考
[client]
port = 3306
socket = /mysql/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
user = mysql
port = 3306
server_id = 1
basedir = /usr
datadir = /mysql/data
socket = /mysql/mysql.sock
pid-file = /mysql/mysql.pid
character-set-server = UTF8MB4
skip_name_resolve = 1
default_time_zone = "+8:00"
bind_address = "0.0.0.0"

cat /etc/my.cnf
# 32C 64G 服务器 mysql配置文件参考
[client]
port = 3306
socket = /mysql/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
user = mysql
port = 3306
server_id = 1
basedir = /usr
datadir = /mysql/data
socket = /mysql/mysql.sock
pid-file = /mysql/mysql.pid
character-set-server = UTF8MB4
skip_name_resolve = 1
default_time_zone = "+8:00"
bind_address = "0.0.0.0"

#log settings
log_timestamps = SYSTEM
log_error = /data/errlog/error.log
log_error_verbosity = 3
slow_query_log = 1
log_slow_extra = 1
slow_query_log_file = /mysql/slowlog/slow.log
#设置slow log文件大小1G及总文件数10
max_slowlog_size = 1073741824
max_slowlog_files = 10
long_query_time = 3
log_queries_not_using_indexes = 1
log_throttle_queries_not_using_indexes = 60
min_examined_row_limit = 100
log_slow_admin_statements = 1
log_slow_replica_statements = 1
log_slow_verbosity = FULL
log_bin = /data/binlog/binlog
binlog_format = ROW
sync_binlog = 1
binlog_cache_size = 4M
max_binlog_cache_size = 6G
max_binlog_size = 1G
#控制binlog总大小，避免磁盘空间被撑爆
binlog_space_limit = 500G
binlog_rows_query_log_events = 1
binlog_expire_logs_seconds = 604800
binlog_checksum = CRC32
binlog_order_commits = OFF
gtid_mode = ON
enforce_gtid_consistency = TRUE

#myisam settings
key_buffer_size = 32M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M

#replication settings
relay_log_recovery = 1
replica_parallel_type = LOGICAL_CLOCK
#并行复制线程数可以设置为逻辑CPU数量的2倍
replica_parallel_workers = 64
binlog_transaction_dependency_tracking = WRITESET
replica_preserve_commit_order = 1
replica_checkpoint_period = 2

#mgr settings
loose-plugin_load_add = 'mysql_clone.so'
loose-plugin_load_add = 'group_replication.so'
loose-group_replication_group_name = "aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaa1"
#MGR本地节点IP:PORT
loose-group_replication_local_address = "192.168.56.11:33061"
#MGR集群所有节点IP:PORT
loose-group_replication_group_seeds = '192.168.56.11:33061,192.168.56.12:33061,192.168.56.13:33061'
loose-group_replication_start_on_boot = ON
loose-group_replication_bootstrap_group = OFF
loose-group_replication_exit_state_action = READ_ONLY
loose-group_replication_flow_control_mode = "QUOTA"
loose-group_replication_single_primary_mode = ON
loose-group_replication_enforce_update_everywhere_checks = 0
loose-group_replication_communication_max_message_size = 10M
report_host = 192.168.56.11
report_port = 3306

#innodb settings
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16G
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 8
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
innodb_log_buffer_size = 32M
innodb_log_file_size = 2G
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_redo_log_capacity = 6G
innodb_doublewrite_files = 2
innodb_max_undo_log_size = 4G
# 根据您的服务器IOPS能力适当调整
# 一般配普通SSD盘的话，可以调整到 10000 - 20000
# 配置高端PCIe SSD卡的话，则可以调整的更高，比如 50000 - 80000
innodb_io_capacity = 4000
innodb_io_capacity_max = 8000
innodb_open_files = 65534
# 当需要用CLONE加密特性时，不要选用O_DIRECT模式，否则会比较慢
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_lru_scan_depth = 4000
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 10
innodb_rollback_on_timeout = 1
innodb_print_all_deadlocks = 1
innodb_online_alter_log_max_size = 4G
innodb_print_ddl_logs = 1
innodb_status_file = 1
innodb_status_output = 0
innodb_status_output_locks = 1
innodb_sort_buffer_size = 64M
innodb_adaptive_hash_index = 0
innodb_numa_interleave = OFF
innodb_spin_wait_delay = 20
innodb_print_lock_wait_timeout_info = 1
#自动杀掉超过5分钟不活跃事务，避免行锁被长时间持有
kill_idle_transaction = 300
#异步清理大表
innodb_data_file_async_purge = ON

#innodb monitor settings
#根据实际需要开启，会影响数据库性能，但有利于故障诊断和性能优化
#innodb_monitor_enable = "module_innodb,module_server,module_dml,module_ddl,module_trx,module_os,module_purge,module_log,module_lock,module_buffer,module_index,module_ibuf_system,module_buffer_page,module_adaptive_hash"
#pfs settings
performance_schema = 1
#performance_schema_instrument = '%memory%=on'
performance_schema_instrument = '%lock%=on'

本文内容就到这啦，阅读完本篇，相信你对MYSQL通用性能优化手段有了一定的了解了吧！蓝队云官网上拥有完善的技术支持库可供参考，大家可自行查阅，更多技术问题，可以直接咨询。同时，蓝队云整理了运维必备的工具包免费分享给大家使用，需要的朋友可以直接咨询。

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